# Copyright (C) Unitary Fund
#
# This source code is licensed under the GPL license (v3) found in the
# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
import random
from functools import singledispatch
from typing import Callable, List, Optional
import cirq
import pennylane as qml
from cirq import Circuit as _Circuit
from pennylane.tape import QuantumTape
from mitiq import QPROGRAM
from mitiq.interface import accept_qprogram_and_validate
# P, Q, R, S from https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.02690.pdf
CNOT_twirling_gates = [
(cirq.I, cirq.I, cirq.I, cirq.I),
(cirq.I, cirq.X, cirq.I, cirq.X),
(cirq.I, cirq.Y, cirq.Z, cirq.Y),
(cirq.I, cirq.Z, cirq.Z, cirq.Z),
(cirq.Y, cirq.I, cirq.Y, cirq.X),
(cirq.Y, cirq.X, cirq.Y, cirq.I),
(cirq.Y, cirq.Y, cirq.X, cirq.Z),
(cirq.Y, cirq.Z, cirq.X, cirq.Y),
(cirq.X, cirq.I, cirq.X, cirq.X),
(cirq.X, cirq.X, cirq.X, cirq.I),
(cirq.X, cirq.Y, cirq.Y, cirq.Z),
(cirq.X, cirq.Z, cirq.Y, cirq.Y),
(cirq.Z, cirq.I, cirq.Z, cirq.I),
(cirq.Z, cirq.X, cirq.Z, cirq.X),
(cirq.Z, cirq.Y, cirq.I, cirq.Y),
(cirq.Z, cirq.Z, cirq.I, cirq.Z),
]
CZ_twirling_gates = [
(cirq.I, cirq.I, cirq.I, cirq.I),
(cirq.I, cirq.X, cirq.Z, cirq.X),
(cirq.I, cirq.Y, cirq.Z, cirq.Y),
(cirq.I, cirq.Z, cirq.I, cirq.Z),
(cirq.X, cirq.I, cirq.X, cirq.Z),
(cirq.X, cirq.X, cirq.Y, cirq.Y),
(cirq.X, cirq.Y, cirq.Y, cirq.X),
(cirq.X, cirq.Z, cirq.X, cirq.I),
(cirq.Y, cirq.I, cirq.Y, cirq.Z),
(cirq.Y, cirq.X, cirq.X, cirq.Y),
(cirq.Y, cirq.Y, cirq.X, cirq.X),
(cirq.Y, cirq.Z, cirq.Y, cirq.I),
(cirq.Z, cirq.I, cirq.Z, cirq.I),
(cirq.Z, cirq.X, cirq.I, cirq.X),
(cirq.Z, cirq.Y, cirq.I, cirq.Y),
(cirq.Z, cirq.Z, cirq.Z, cirq.Z),
]
CIRQ_NOISE_FUNCTION = Callable[[float], cirq.Gate]
CIRQ_NOISE_OP: dict[str, CIRQ_NOISE_FUNCTION] = {
"bit-flip": cirq.bit_flip,
"depolarize": cirq.depolarize,
}
PENNYLANE_NOISE_OP = {
"bit-flip": qml.BitFlip,
"depolarize": qml.DepolarizingChannel,
}
[docs]
def generate_pauli_twirl_variants(
circuit: QPROGRAM,
num_circuits: int = 10,
noise_name: Optional[str] = None,
**kwargs: float,
) -> List[QPROGRAM]:
r"""Return the Pauli twirled versions of the input circuit.
Only the $\mathrm{CZ}$ and $\mathrm{CNOT}$ gates in an
input circuit are Pauli twirled as specified in
:cite:`Saki_2023_arxiv`.
Args:
circuit: The input circuit on which twirling is applied.
num_circuits: Number of twirled variants of the circuits.
noise_name: Name of the noisy operator acting on CNOT and CZ gates.
This is useful if the user requires a noisy circuit after twirling.
Values allowed: ["bit-flip", "depolarize"]
Returns:
A list of `num_circuits` twirled versions of `circuit`
"""
CNOT_twirled_circuits = twirl_CNOT_gates(circuit, num_circuits)
twirled_circuits = [
twirl_CZ_gates(c, num_circuits=1)[0] for c in CNOT_twirled_circuits
]
if noise_name is not None:
twirled_circuits = [
add_noise_to_two_qubit_gates(circuit, noise_name, **kwargs)
for circuit in twirled_circuits
]
return twirled_circuits
[docs]
def add_noise_to_two_qubit_gates(
circuit: QPROGRAM, noise_name: str, **kwargs: float
) -> QPROGRAM:
"""Add noise to CNOT and CZ gates on pre-twirled circuits.
Args:
circuit: Pre-twirled circuit
noise_name: name of noise operator to apply after CNOT and CZ gates
"""
# here we will validate if noise_op and kwargs are valid
return _add_noise_to_two_qubit_gates(circuit, noise_name, **kwargs)
@singledispatch
def _add_noise_to_two_qubit_gates(
circuit: QPROGRAM, noise_name: str, **kwargs: float
) -> QPROGRAM:
raise NotImplementedError(
f"Cannot add noise to Circuit of type {type(circuit)}."
)
@_add_noise_to_two_qubit_gates.register
def _cirq(circuit: _Circuit, noise_name: str, **kwargs: float) -> _Circuit:
noise_function = CIRQ_NOISE_OP[noise_name]
noise_op = noise_function(**kwargs) # type: ignore
noisy_gates = [cirq.ops.CNOT, cirq.ops.CZ]
noisy_circuit = cirq.Circuit()
for moment in circuit:
layer = cirq.Circuit()
for op in moment:
layer.append(op)
if op.gate in noisy_gates:
layer.append(noise_op.on_each(op.qubits))
noisy_circuit += layer
return noisy_circuit
@_add_noise_to_two_qubit_gates.register
def _pennylane(
circuit: QuantumTape, noise_name: str, **kwargs: float
) -> QuantumTape:
new_ops = []
noise_function = PENNYLANE_NOISE_OP[noise_name]
noisy_gates = ["CNOT", "CZ"]
for op in circuit:
new_ops.append(op)
if op.name in noisy_gates:
for wire in op.wires:
noise_op = noise_function(**kwargs, wires=wire)
new_ops.append(noise_op)
return QuantumTape(
ops=new_ops, measurements=circuit.measurements, shots=circuit.shots
)
[docs]
def twirl_CNOT_gates(circuit: QPROGRAM, num_circuits: int) -> List[QPROGRAM]:
"""Generate a list of circuits using Pauli twirling on CNOT gates.
Args:
circuit: The circuit to generate twirled versions of
num_circuits: The number of sampled circuits to return
"""
return [_twirl_CNOT_qprogram(circuit) for _ in range(num_circuits)]
@accept_qprogram_and_validate
def _twirl_CNOT_qprogram(circuit: cirq.Circuit) -> cirq.Circuit:
return circuit.map_operations(_twirl_single_CNOT_gate)
[docs]
def twirl_CZ_gates(circuit: QPROGRAM, num_circuits: int) -> List[QPROGRAM]:
"""Generate a list of circuits using Pauli twirling on CZ gates.
Args:
circuit: The circuit to generate twirled versions of
num_circuits: The number of sampled circuits to return
"""
return [_twirl_CZ_qprogram(circuit) for _ in range(num_circuits)]
@accept_qprogram_and_validate
def _twirl_CZ_qprogram(circuit: cirq.Circuit) -> cirq.Circuit:
return circuit.map_operations(_twirl_single_CZ_gate)
def _twirl_single_CNOT_gate(op: cirq.Operation) -> cirq.OP_TREE:
"""Function which converts a CNOT gate to a logical equivalent. That is,
it converts CNOT operations into the following, leaving all other cirq
operations alone.
--P---⏺---R--
|
--Q---⊕---S--
Where P, Q, R, and S are Pauli operators sampled so as to not effect
change on the underlying unitary.
"""
if op.gate != cirq.CNOT:
return op
P, Q, R, S = random.choice(CNOT_twirling_gates)
control_qubit, target_qubit = op.qubits
return [
P.on(control_qubit),
Q.on(target_qubit),
op,
R.on(control_qubit),
S.on(target_qubit),
]
def _twirl_single_CZ_gate(op: cirq.Operation) -> cirq.OP_TREE:
"""Function which converts a CZ gate to a logical equivalent. That is, it
converts CZ operations into the following, leaving all other cirq
operations alone.
--P---⏺---R--
|
--Q---⏺---S--
Where P, Q, R, and S are Pauli operators sampled so as to not effect
change on the underlying unitary.
"""
if op.gate != cirq.CZ:
return op
P, Q, R, S = random.choice(CZ_twirling_gates)
control_qubit, target_qubit = op.qubits
return [
P.on(control_qubit),
Q.on(target_qubit),
op,
R.on(control_qubit),
S.on(target_qubit),
]
